How Climate Change, Excess Heat Exposes 2.4 Billion Workers Globally to Health Hazards _ ILO

Around 2.4 billion workers globally are likely to be exposed to health hazards like cancer, cardiovascular illness, kidney dysfunction and physical injury as a result of climate change, according to the International Labour Organization (ILO).

The report, called Ensuring Safety and Health at Work in a Changing Climate, says excessive heat affects 70% of the global workforce of 3.4 billion people, causing 18,970 work-related deaths and around 23 million workplace injuries annually.

As a share of the growing global population, the proportion of people exposed to extreme work-related heat has increased from 65.5% in 2000, to 70.9% currently.

Pregnant women working in heat extremes face twice the risk of miscarriages and stillbirths, and face an increased risk of bearing babies with low birth weight, a 2024 study published in the National Library of Medicine shows

A Deadly Crisis

Exposure to extreme heat and other impacts of the intensifying climate crisis form what the report calls a “cocktail of hazards” resulting in premature death or potentially serious health consequences.

These include:

• 1.6 billion workers exposed to UV radiation, causing more than 18,960 work-related deaths from skin cancer annually.
• 1.6 billion workers breathing polluted workplace air, resulting in up to 860,000 work-related deaths of outdoor workers each year.
• More than 870 million agricultural workers in contact with dangerous pesticides, causing more than 300,000 deaths annually from pesticide poisoning.
• 15,000 work-related deaths each year due to parasitic and vector-borne diseases, such as malaria.

A Global Health Challenge

Looking ahead, the World Economic Forum’s Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health report forecasts how the climate crisis will impact the global health landscape over the next 20 years.

Growing threats like new pathogens, pollution and extreme weather events could amplify today’s health challenges, while exacerbating inequalities that adversely impact vulnerable communities.

The intensifying climate change crisis looks set to place immense strain on global healthcare systems, causing 14.5 million deaths and $12.5 trillion in economic losses by 2050, the report says.

Breaking that down, as extreme weather-related events increase in frequency and intensity, floods are expected to claim 8.5 million lives worldwide, with the Asia Pacific region suffering the highest death toll due to heavily populated at-risk coastal communities and the prospect of higher levels or rainfall.

Droughts are expected to claim approximately 3.2 million lives worldwide, with the long-term effects of disease and related deaths a major driver.

The report also predicts: an estimated 1.6 million deaths from heat waves, with people aged 65 and over hardest hit by prolonged temperature extremes; half a million deaths from extreme tropical storms; and an additional 300,000 loss of life from wildfire spread.